Crunch the Numbers that Really Matter (hint:they’re the ones that relate to downstream demand)

A New Approach to Trade Spend for Foodservice Manufacturers

There is no shortage of quantitative analysis in the trade spend practices of foodservice manufacturers.  Unfortunately, very little of this analysis helps give decision-makers insights about the effectiveness of their trade spend programs.  The numbers being crunched do not relate to signals about actual downstream demand, but rather to the formidable mountain of claims from their distributors.  These claims come in all manner of data formats and accounting entries and it typically takes armies of brokers, salespeople and financial staff to figure them out.  After all the cumbersome and error-prone line-by-line calculations to validate claims are said and done, you are no more informed about the profitability or the potential risks associated with any given program.  No wonder there is widespread dissatisfaction with the effectiveness of these programs.  Over 75% of manufacturers in this sector consider their trade spend initiatives to be inefficient, according to the 2010 Market Intelligence Foodservice Trade Survey. Read the rest of this entry »

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Why Pricing Must Be a Continuous Process (Part 1)

At some point, every homeowner learns an important lesson about how to save money on air conditioning during the hottest part of the summer. Generally speaking, it costs less to keep your house at a relatively even, tolerable temperature, then to turn off the unit entirely during the day and blast the A/C in the evening when you are home. The process of re-cooling the entire house each time wastes a lot of energy to get to a comfortable temperature again.

Multiple optimal prices can exist for a product, even in transparent markets. Note that all of the prices in this image apply to the exact same HP printer.

The lessons of efficiently cooling a home can be applied to many scenarios. In business, having a system in place for tweaking procedures continuously is easier to manage over time than are prolonged periods of stasis followed by dramatic transformations. Transformations are complicated. They are often expensive. If too much time passes between transformations, the organization’s inertia coefficient (a 100% made-up term) passes a critical threshold. After that point, two outcomes are the most likely, with a few shades of gray in between: (1) transformation projects mushroom from merely “expensive” to “expensive and painful”, or (2) the company is too lethargic to change, effectively dooming the business to eventual defeat or absorption by more innovative rivals. For the sake of comprehensiveness, I have to acknowledge that for a fortunate few, “federal bailout” must now be added to this list as a third possible outcome. However, in a few years we will see if my suspicion that outcome three eventually finds its way back to outcome two turns out to be correct. Read the rest of this entry »

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How Major League Baseball Can Steal Profits Back From Ticket Scalpers Using the Right Pricing Solution

The National Baseball Hall of Fame recently inducted Ricky Henderson, one of baseball’s most prolific base stealers with a record 1,406 bases stolen in his career – yet, Major League Baseball has failed to deal with scalpers who steal millions in profits from their franchises every year. Scalpers have seized the lost opportunity where Baseball franchises lock in their ticket prices months before the season starts and choose not to adjust prices throughout the season. A more efficient secondary market thrives due to the scalpers’ ability to factor in several game variables (e.g. strength of opponent, seat type, starting lineup, weather conditions, etc.), as well as buyer-specific factors (e.g. age, attitude, clothing, jewelry, etc.) to determine the maximum (and therefore optimal from the seller’s perspective) price that each person is willing to pay. Another advantage for scalpers is their ability to immediately negotiate if the buyer doesn’t accept the first price, carefully moving the price down until both the buyer and seller agree upon a satisfactory price. To help reclaim these lost profits, the San Francisco Giants are now testing dynamic pricing software to help adjust ticket prices based on the expected consumer demand for each game. So what exactly is dynamic pricing, and is it powerful enough to replace the individualized pricing, negotiation, and sales effectiveness of ticket scalpers? Read the rest of this entry »

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Optimizing the Playing Field Where the Great Deleveraging Meets Freetopia

Two economic developments are currently having a profound effect on the playing field of consumer demand.  One is the Great Deleveraging: the painful scaling back of the household debt burden that reached a historical peak, at 133% of household income, in late 2007.  The Great Deleveraging means that household dollars that several years ago would have been earmarked for new discretionary spending are instead being diverted to pay down the hangover of old discretionary spending.  As fewer dollars chase the same supply of products we would expect some combination of lower prices and/or a reduction in the quantity of products supplied – a reversal of the SKU proliferation that has been a dominant feature of our consumer experience for the past several decades.

At the same time, though, a second major event appears to be unfolding:  the emergence of the economics of “free,” or “freeconomics” as provocatively described by Chris Anderson of Wired magazine in his recently published book “Free: The Future of a Radical Price.”  “Free” in Anderson’s formulation is the notion that the near-zero cost of doing business online turns upside down the conventional notion of economics as the science of parsimonious choices under conditions of scarcity.  The “economics of abundance” in Anderson’s phraseology may filter through the prism of our traditional understanding of markets as being good news for cash-strapped consumers (more stuff for which I don’t have to pay money) and bad news for suppliers of goods and services (“free” doesn’t sound like a price that will shore up my profit margins). Read the rest of this entry »

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Why Credit Doesn’t Matter to Maintain Competitive Advantage

Realizing I would be without a wireless connection on my train ride to NYC, I stopped to grab some light reading material at a kiosk in Union Station, where I found a plethora of headlines devoted to capital spending. I know that the loss of $50 Trillion in wealth in the last 18 months led to a severe credit crunch, but wasn’t that old news? Aren’t businesses starting to rebound with the distribution of the $700 Billion in TARP funds that helped prop up banks and car companies, along with another $2.5 Trillion spent to support the struggling financial system? I take a quick look through the daily business headlines, and they continue to reflect a particularly bleak outlook for businesses that are still struggling with low expectations for growth and profits, costly and scarce credit, weak consumer demand and a glut of production capacity. To compound matters, the current administration and Treasury Department will implement extensive financial regulations to curb future financial crises, and banks continue tightening their lending standards for all types of business loans. I hope these measures reduce the risk of another bubble market, but at what cost will these measures reduce the opportunity for many businesses to effectively compete in this economy? One thing is obvious: credit will no longer be a cheap commodity for businesses in the near future, period. But then again, is credit really necessary for businesses to stay competitive? Read the rest of this entry »

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Cheating Your Way into Business Visibility

Several weeks ago, I wrote a post about how the pace at which the world is accumulating information exceeds our ability to critically evaluate it. For companies that make thousands or millions of marketing decisions every day in the form of price offerings, advertising placements and so on, this translates into making decisions that perpetually involve a greater amount of uncertainty relative to the amount of information we have. The root cause of this problem is a technological one: we do not have the computing power to slice and dice massive datasets in order to glean insight in time to support decisions. An even deeper explanation is that the gap between the rate of information accumulation in businesses and the pace of information transfer improvements will continue to widen at an increasing rate. This poses serious challenges to the capabilities offered by Business Intelligence, not to mention our ability to determine optimal prices. Read the rest of this entry »

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The Micro-Monopoly Phenomenon

Here’s an interesting market experiment that you can try without leaving your desk. Go to www.pricegrabber.com, choose a merchandise category, and then select a product that has more than a half-dozen or so different sellers. Sort the list by price, and compare the highest price to the lowest. Having just performed this for the HP Laser Jet 1022n laser printer, I see that I have the option to pay as much as $290.00 or as little as $115.00, plus a range of prices in between. That’s a lot of variance for the exact same product. The highest price is almost three times as high as the lowest. Yet all sales have not been captured by the lowest-price seller, nor has the most expensive retailer (which happens to be HP itself) gone out of business. Intuitively, you may already be rationalizing this phenomenon to yourself. People are willing to pay for things like the seller’s brand strength, return policy, warranty, service packages, availability, and so on, which is why different prices are charged. I didn’t bat an eyelash when I saw the price range on the screen, even though it seems to contradict the premise of market-clearing prices in perfectly competitive, transparent markets. We understand the reasons for these differences, but there is a deeper insight to be gleaned from this apparent oddity.

Let’s say hypothetically that this printer has 10 different attributes like the ones mentioned above on which every buyer places a value, even it happens to be zero. There is a segment of the printer-buying population that wants all 10 attributes, including the HP brand name of the seller, and that segment is willing to pay a higher price. No other seller can satisfy all 10 attributes, giving HP a monopoly on that attribute set. But as a seller, HP operates within constraints since other sellers offer the same exact printer at a lower price in return for providing fewer attributes. Thus, HP cannot set its prices as a pure monopolist, because an excessively high price will drive too much of the market to the next lowest price tier. HP’s competitive position is what I call a micro-monopoly (or “Micropoly” if you prefer the conflation, as I do). The explanation for this price dispersion is that every seller of this printer satisfies a unique mix of attributes demanded by a particular segment of the market. For that segment, the seller has a limited amount of micro-monopoly pricing power.

When viewed from this angle, it becomes easy to see why it makes more sense to set prices based on what your customers value rather than what your competitors charge. The reason is that one firm may compete only tangentially with another firm that sells the same products. The obvious question then is what happens when two firms fulfill the same exact mix of attributes. At this point, firms would then compete on price, but I think this logical extension can be somewhat misleading. In the real world, no two firms ever truly occupy the same attribute space. There will always be at least some differences in the total experience and feel that the customer gets from making the purchase, and thus the potential for price differentiation exists. Multiple optimum prices for the same product can exist in the marketplace. A profit maximizing firm’s objective should not be to race to the bottom in a low price battle with competitors, but rather to understand very clearly what its price ceiling is.

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